Autors

Autora vārds šajā grāmatā nav minēts, bet daudzas lietas norāda uz to, ka tas ir Lūkas. Lūkas ev. un Ap.d. gr. ir saistītas grāmatas, abas adresētas vienam cilvēkam - Teofīlam, un otrā grāmata atsaucas uz pirmo grāmatu (Ap.d. 1:1). Tā kā atsevišķas daļas Ap.d. gr. lieto personu vietniekvārdu "mēs" (Ap.d. 16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1-28,16), tad tas norāda uz to, ka šo grāmatu autors bija kopā ar Pāvilu aprakstīto notikumu laikā. No iespējamajiem kandidātiem, kas varētu būt šīs grāmatas sarakstījis, Lūkas ir visiespējamākais kandidāts (Lūka, 2.Tim. 4:11; "mīļais ārsts Lūka", Kol. 4:14; darba biedrs, Filem. 24).

Iespējams, ka Lūkas bija nejūds (pagāns), labi izglītots grieķu kultūrā, ārsts, ap. Pāvila pavadonis dažādos laika posmos sākot no ap. Pāvila 2.misijas ceļojuma līdz viņa apcietinājumam Romā (Ap.d. 28:16). Viņš bija uzticīgs Pāvila draugs, kas palika kopā ar Pāvilu tad, kad citi bija Pāvilu atstājuši (2.Tim. 4:11)

Lūkas, ārsts. Lai gan no tā vārdu krājuma, kuru lieto Ap.d. gr. autors, nevar pierādīt, ka tas bijis ārsts, tie vārdi, kurus viņš lieto, izglītība, kuru atspoguļo viņa rakstītais, pieļauj to, ka autors ir ārsts (28:6 "uztūks" - lietots parastais medicīniskais termins iekaisuma apzīmēšanai; JD to lieto vienīgi Lūkas). Protams, ka 1.gs. ārstam nebija īpašs medicīnisku vārdu krājums, kā tas ir šodien, bet atsevišķu vārdu lietošana Lk. ev. un Ap.d. gr. liek domāt, ka kāds ārsts varētu būt šo grāmatu autors. Jāatceras, ka Pāvils lieto terminu "ārsts", runājot par Lūku (Kol. 4:14).

Adresāti

Šis evaņģēlijs ir adresēts Teofīlam (Lk. 1:3), kura vārds nozīmē "Dieva mīlētājs". Ir uzskats, ka šis evaņģēlijs nav adresēts vienam cilvēkam, bet visiem, kas mīl Dievu. Tomēr tas, ka Teofīls uzrunāts kā cienījamais (1:3), norāda, ka runa ir par vienu cilvēku, kā arī ka šis cilvēks bijis Romas valsts ierēdnis vai vismaz augsti stāvošs un bagāts cilvēks.

Sarakstīšanas nolūks

Evaņģēlijs bija domāts kā mācība Teofīlam (1:4) un arī tiem, kuru starpā šī grāmata tiktu lietota. Protams, evaņģēlijs bija domāts visiem kristiešiem. Ja ņemam vērā to, ka Lūkas bija ciešs ap. Pāvila līdzgaitnieks (pagānu apustulis), tad tās vietas, kuras šajā evaņģēlijā runā par to, ka Jēzus ir visu cilvēku Pestītājs, ir labs atbalsts ap. Pāvila darbībai pagānu starpā.

Varētu būt vēl viens liels iemesls šī evaņģēlija sarakstīšanai, proti, Pāvila aizstāvībai Romā. Lk. ev. un Ap.d. gr. ir viena autora darbs, kas šo darbu ir sarakstījis 2 rakstu rituļos (šo raksturu rituļu materiāls parasti bija tik liels, ka uz tā derētu viena no šīm grāmatām; tāpēc arī ir divas grāmatas: Lk. ev. un Ap.d., jo tās nesatilpa vienā ritulī). Ap.d. gr. beidzas ar laiku pirms Pāvila tiesas, un gan Lk. ev., gan Ap.d. gr. rādīts, ka Romas varas pārstāvji nesaskatīja neko sliktu kristietībā. Tāpēc iespējams, ka Lk. ev., kopā ar Ap.d. gr., bija rakstīti arī ar nolūku, lai Pāvila tiesātājiem būtu liecība par to, ka kristietība, kuru Jēzus iesāka (Lk. ev.) un kuras izplatīšanā Pāvils bija tik dedzīgi iesaistīts (Ap.d. gr.) nebija drauds Romas varai. Var būt, ka Teofilam bija kāda augsta, ietekmīga loma Romas varā, - to gan nezinām.

Sarakstīšanas laiks

Ir izteikti dažādi minējumi par šī evaņģēlija sarakstīšanas laiku. Ja pieturamies pie tā, ka Lk. ev. un Ap.d. gr. ir vienoti darbi, kuri sarakstīti pirms Pāvila tiesāšanas Romā, tad tas ir pirms Pāvila nāves, kas tiek datēta ar 64. vai 65.gadu.

Lūkas evaņģēlija īpašās iezīmes

  1. Lūkas evaņģēlijs sākas ar plašu prologu (Lk. 1. un 2.nod.). Tas satur informāciju, kas nav atrodama citos evņģēlijos.
  2. Lūkas evaņģēlijs atspoguļo tā laika vēsturisko kontekstu. Pieminēti ķēniņš Hērods, imperatori Augusts un Tiberijs. Jāņa Kristītāja mācība ļaudīm, muitniekiem un kareivjiem (Lk. 3,10-14) dod ieskatu tā laika sociālajā situācijā.
  3. Lūkas evaņģēlijs uzsver pielūgsmi un lūgšanu. Lūkas evaņģēlijs sākas un beidzas ar pielūgsmes ainām (1:8; 24:53). 1. un 2.nod. daudz Dieva slavēšana. Lk. ev. vairāk nekā citos evaņģēlijos rakstīts, ka Jēzus lūdza Dievu. Piem., 3:21, kristībās; 5:16, tuksnesī; 6:12, pirms apustuļu izraudzīšanas; 9:18, pirms jautājuma par to, kas Viņš ir; 9:28-29 Apskaidrošanas kalnā.
  4. Tā kā Lūkas evaņģēlijam ir turpinājums, proti, Apustuļu darbu grāmata, tad atsevišķas iezīmes ir saprotamas arī no šī redzespunkta. Piem.,
  5. jau pirmajās divās nodaļās vairākkārt pieminēts Svētais Gars;
  6. Lk. ev. rāda lielu pievēršanos tiem, kas sabiedrībā nebija ar lielām tiesībām, piem., sievietes; kas nebaudīja lielu varu, piem., nabadzīgie; kas nebija ļoti ieredzēti, piem., samarieši (9:52.56; 10:33; 17:16). Un tieši nabadzīgie ir tie, par ko ļoti rūpējās pirmā kristīgā draudze, ko Lūkas, rakstīdams Ap.d. gr. un daudz būdams kopā ar Pāvilu, labi zināja.
  7. Ja Lk. un Ap.d. tika rakstīti arī ar nolūku, lai Romas tiesā būtu pierādījumu, ka Pāvils ir nevainīgs, tad arī šajā jautājumā redzam, ka ne tikai Ap.d. gr. rāda, ka Romas varas pārstāvji nesaskatīja kristietībā neko sliktu (pārsvarā jūdi bija tie, kas izraisīja kristiešu vajāšanas), bet arī Lk. ev. tas jau pamanāms. Piem., Lk. 23:47 romiešu centurions saka: "Un virsnieks, redzēdams, kas notika, Dievu teica un sacīja: "Patiesi, šis bijis taisns cilvēks."" (Mt. 27:54 un Mr. 15:39 virsnieks jeb centurions atzīst Jēzu par Dieva Dēlu.)

Ir vēl citas interesantas iezīmes Lk. ev., piem., pievēršanās atstumtajiem, glābšanas tēma.

Mārtiņš Balodis

  • Dedication to Theophilus

  • 1 Inasmuch as many have taken in hand to set in order a narrative of those things which have been fulfilled among us,
  • 2 just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word delivered them to us,
  • 3 it seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write to you an orderly account, most excellent Theophilus,
  • 4 that you may know the certainty of those things in which you were instructed.

  • John’s Birth Announced to Zacharias

  • 5 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the division of Abijah. His wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.
  • 6 And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless.
  • 7 But they had no child, because Elizabeth was barren, and they were both well advanced in years.
  • 8 So it was, that while he was serving as priest before God in the order of his division,
  • 9 according to the custom of the priesthood, his lot fell to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord.
  • 10 And the whole multitude of the people was praying outside at the hour of incense.
  • 11 Then an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing on the right side of the altar of incense.
  • 12 And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him.
  • 13 But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zacharias, for your prayer is heard; and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John.
  • 14 And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth.
  • 15 For he will be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink. He will also be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother’s womb.
  • 16 And he will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God.
  • 17 He will also go before Him in the spirit and power of Elijah, ‘to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,’ and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.”
  • 18 And Zacharias said to the angel, “How shall I know this? For I am an old man, and my wife is well advanced in years.”
  • 19 And the angel answered and said to him, “I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God, and was sent to speak to you and bring you these glad tidings.
  • 20 But behold, you will be mute and not able to speak until the day these things take place, because you did not believe my words which will be fulfilled in their own time.”
  • 21 And the people waited for Zacharias, and marveled that he lingered so long in the temple.
  • 22 But when he came out, he could not speak to them; and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple, for he beckoned to them and remained speechless.
  • 23 So it was, as soon as the days of his service were completed, that he departed to his own house.
  • 24 Now after those days his wife Elizabeth conceived; and she hid herself five months, saying,
  • 25 “Thus the Lord has dealt with me, in the days when He looked on me, to take away my reproach among people.”

  • Christ’s Birth Announced to Mary

  • 26 Now in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth,
  • 27 to a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin’s name was Mary.
  • 28 And having come in, the angel said to her, “Rejoice, highly favored one, the Lord is with you; blessed are you among women!”
  • 29 But when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and considered what manner of greeting this was.
  • 30 Then the angel said to her, “Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.
  • 31 And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bring forth a Son, and shall call His name Jesus.
  • 32 He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David.
  • 33 And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end.”
  • 34 Then Mary said to the angel, “How can this be, since I do not know a man?”
  • 35 And the angel answered and said to her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Highest will overshadow you; therefore, also, that Holy One who is to be born will be called the Son of God.
  • 36 Now indeed, Elizabeth your relative has also conceived a son in her old age; and this is now the sixth month for her who was called barren.
  • 37 For with God nothing will be impossible.”
  • 38 Then Mary said, “Behold the maidservant of the Lord! Let it be to me according to your word.” And the angel departed from her.

  • Mary Visits Elizabeth

  • 39 Now Mary arose in those days and went into the hill country with haste, to a city of Judah,
  • 40 and entered the house of Zacharias and greeted Elizabeth.
  • 41 And it happened, when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, that the babe leaped in her womb; and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit.
  • 42 Then she spoke out with a loud voice and said, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb!
  • 43 But why is this granted to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?
  • 44 For indeed, as soon as the voice of your greeting sounded in my ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy.
  • 45 Blessed is she who believed, for there will be a fulfillment of those things which were told her from the Lord.”

  • The Song of Mary

  • 46 And Mary said: “My soul magnifies the Lord,
  • 47 And my spirit has rejoiced in God my Savior.
  • 48 For He has regarded the lowly state of His maidservant; For behold, henceforth all generations will call me blessed.
  • 49 For He who is mighty has done great things for me, And holy is His name.
  • 50 And His mercy is on those who fear Him From generation to generation.
  • 51 He has shown strength with His arm; He has scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts.
  • 52 He has put down the mighty from their thrones, And exalted the lowly.
  • 53 He has filled the hungry with good things, And the rich He has sent away empty.
  • 54 He has helped His servant Israel, In remembrance of His mercy,
  • 55 As He spoke to our fathers, To Abraham and to his seed forever.”
  • 56 And Mary remained with her about three months, and returned to her house.

  • Birth of John the Baptist

  • 57 Now Elizabeth’s full time came for her to be delivered, and she brought forth a son.
  • 58 When her neighbors and relatives heard how the Lord had shown great mercy to her, they rejoiced with her.

  • Circumcision of John the Baptist

  • 59 So it was, on the eighth day, that they came to circumcise the child; and they would have called him by the name of his father, Zacharias.
  • 60 His mother answered and said, “No; he shall be called John.”
  • 61 But they said to her, “There is no one among your relatives who is called by this name.”
  • 62 So they made signs to his father—what he would have him called.
  • 63 And he asked for a writing tablet, and wrote, saying, “His name is John.” So they all marveled.
  • 64 Immediately his mouth was opened and his tongue loosed, and he spoke, praising God.
  • 65 Then fear came on all who dwelt around them; and all these sayings were discussed throughout all the hill country of Judea.
  • 66 And all those who heard them kept them in their hearts, saying, “What kind of child will this be?” And the hand of the Lord was with him.

  • Zacharias’ Prophecy

  • 67 Now his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Spirit, and prophesied, saying:
  • 68 “Blessed is the Lord God of Israel, For He has visited and redeemed His people,
  • 69 And has raised up a horn of salvation for us In the house of His servant David,
  • 70 As He spoke by the mouth of His holy prophets, Who have been since the world began,
  • 71 That we should be saved from our enemies And from the hand of all who hate us,
  • 72 To perform the mercy promised to our fathers And to remember His holy covenant,
  • 73 The oath which He swore to our father Abraham:
  • 74 To grant us that we, Being delivered from the hand of our enemies, Might serve Him without fear,
  • 75 In holiness and righteousness before Him all the days of our life.
  • 76 “And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Highest; For you will go before the face of the Lord to prepare His ways,
  • 77 To give knowledge of salvation to His people By the remission of their sins,
  • 78 Through the tender mercy of our God, With which the Dayspring from on high has visited us;
  • 79 To give light to those who sit in darkness and the shadow of death, To guide our feet into the way of peace.”
  • 80 So the child grew and became strong in spirit, and was in the deserts till the day of his manifestation to Israel.