Autors

Autora vārds šajā grāmatā nav minēts, bet daudzas lietas norāda uz to, ka tas ir Lūkas. Lūkas ev. un Ap.d. gr. ir saistītas grāmatas, abas adresētas vienam cilvēkam - Teofīlam, un otrā grāmata atsaucas uz pirmo grāmatu (Ap.d. 1:1). Tā kā atsevišķas daļas Ap.d. gr. lieto personu vietniekvārdu "mēs" (Ap.d. 16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1-28,16), tad tas norāda uz to, ka šo grāmatu autors bija kopā ar Pāvilu aprakstīto notikumu laikā. No iespējamajiem kandidātiem, kas varētu būt šīs grāmatas sarakstījis, Lūkas ir visiespējamākais kandidāts (Lūka, 2.Tim. 4:11; "mīļais ārsts Lūka", Kol. 4:14; darba biedrs, Filem. 24).

Iespējams, ka Lūkas bija nejūds (pagāns), labi izglītots grieķu kultūrā, ārsts, ap. Pāvila pavadonis dažādos laika posmos sākot no ap. Pāvila 2.misijas ceļojuma līdz viņa apcietinājumam Romā (Ap.d. 28:16). Viņš bija uzticīgs Pāvila draugs, kas palika kopā ar Pāvilu tad, kad citi bija Pāvilu atstājuši (2.Tim. 4:11)

Lūkas, ārsts. Lai gan no tā vārdu krājuma, kuru lieto Ap.d. gr. autors, nevar pierādīt, ka tas bijis ārsts, tie vārdi, kurus viņš lieto, izglītība, kuru atspoguļo viņa rakstītais, pieļauj to, ka autors ir ārsts (28:6 "uztūks" - lietots parastais medicīniskais termins iekaisuma apzīmēšanai; JD to lieto vienīgi Lūkas). Protams, ka 1.gs. ārstam nebija īpašs medicīnisku vārdu krājums, kā tas ir šodien, bet atsevišķu vārdu lietošana Lk. ev. un Ap.d. gr. liek domāt, ka kāds ārsts varētu būt šo grāmatu autors. Jāatceras, ka Pāvils lieto terminu "ārsts", runājot par Lūku (Kol. 4:14).

Adresāti

Šis evaņģēlijs ir adresēts Teofīlam (Lk. 1:3), kura vārds nozīmē "Dieva mīlētājs". Ir uzskats, ka šis evaņģēlijs nav adresēts vienam cilvēkam, bet visiem, kas mīl Dievu. Tomēr tas, ka Teofīls uzrunāts kā cienījamais (1:3), norāda, ka runa ir par vienu cilvēku, kā arī ka šis cilvēks bijis Romas valsts ierēdnis vai vismaz augsti stāvošs un bagāts cilvēks.

Sarakstīšanas nolūks

Evaņģēlijs bija domāts kā mācība Teofīlam (1:4) un arī tiem, kuru starpā šī grāmata tiktu lietota. Protams, evaņģēlijs bija domāts visiem kristiešiem. Ja ņemam vērā to, ka Lūkas bija ciešs ap. Pāvila līdzgaitnieks (pagānu apustulis), tad tās vietas, kuras šajā evaņģēlijā runā par to, ka Jēzus ir visu cilvēku Pestītājs, ir labs atbalsts ap. Pāvila darbībai pagānu starpā.

Varētu būt vēl viens liels iemesls šī evaņģēlija sarakstīšanai, proti, Pāvila aizstāvībai Romā. Lk. ev. un Ap.d. gr. ir viena autora darbs, kas šo darbu ir sarakstījis 2 rakstu rituļos (šo raksturu rituļu materiāls parasti bija tik liels, ka uz tā derētu viena no šīm grāmatām; tāpēc arī ir divas grāmatas: Lk. ev. un Ap.d., jo tās nesatilpa vienā ritulī). Ap.d. gr. beidzas ar laiku pirms Pāvila tiesas, un gan Lk. ev., gan Ap.d. gr. rādīts, ka Romas varas pārstāvji nesaskatīja neko sliktu kristietībā. Tāpēc iespējams, ka Lk. ev., kopā ar Ap.d. gr., bija rakstīti arī ar nolūku, lai Pāvila tiesātājiem būtu liecība par to, ka kristietība, kuru Jēzus iesāka (Lk. ev.) un kuras izplatīšanā Pāvils bija tik dedzīgi iesaistīts (Ap.d. gr.) nebija drauds Romas varai. Var būt, ka Teofilam bija kāda augsta, ietekmīga loma Romas varā, - to gan nezinām.

Sarakstīšanas laiks

Ir izteikti dažādi minējumi par šī evaņģēlija sarakstīšanas laiku. Ja pieturamies pie tā, ka Lk. ev. un Ap.d. gr. ir vienoti darbi, kuri sarakstīti pirms Pāvila tiesāšanas Romā, tad tas ir pirms Pāvila nāves, kas tiek datēta ar 64. vai 65.gadu.

Lūkas evaņģēlija īpašās iezīmes

  1. Lūkas evaņģēlijs sākas ar plašu prologu (Lk. 1. un 2.nod.). Tas satur informāciju, kas nav atrodama citos evņģēlijos.
  2. Lūkas evaņģēlijs atspoguļo tā laika vēsturisko kontekstu. Pieminēti ķēniņš Hērods, imperatori Augusts un Tiberijs. Jāņa Kristītāja mācība ļaudīm, muitniekiem un kareivjiem (Lk. 3,10-14) dod ieskatu tā laika sociālajā situācijā.
  3. Lūkas evaņģēlijs uzsver pielūgsmi un lūgšanu. Lūkas evaņģēlijs sākas un beidzas ar pielūgsmes ainām (1:8; 24:53). 1. un 2.nod. daudz Dieva slavēšana. Lk. ev. vairāk nekā citos evaņģēlijos rakstīts, ka Jēzus lūdza Dievu. Piem., 3:21, kristībās; 5:16, tuksnesī; 6:12, pirms apustuļu izraudzīšanas; 9:18, pirms jautājuma par to, kas Viņš ir; 9:28-29 Apskaidrošanas kalnā.
  4. Tā kā Lūkas evaņģēlijam ir turpinājums, proti, Apustuļu darbu grāmata, tad atsevišķas iezīmes ir saprotamas arī no šī redzespunkta. Piem.,
  5. jau pirmajās divās nodaļās vairākkārt pieminēts Svētais Gars;
  6. Lk. ev. rāda lielu pievēršanos tiem, kas sabiedrībā nebija ar lielām tiesībām, piem., sievietes; kas nebaudīja lielu varu, piem., nabadzīgie; kas nebija ļoti ieredzēti, piem., samarieši (9:52.56; 10:33; 17:16). Un tieši nabadzīgie ir tie, par ko ļoti rūpējās pirmā kristīgā draudze, ko Lūkas, rakstīdams Ap.d. gr. un daudz būdams kopā ar Pāvilu, labi zināja.
  7. Ja Lk. un Ap.d. tika rakstīti arī ar nolūku, lai Romas tiesā būtu pierādījumu, ka Pāvils ir nevainīgs, tad arī šajā jautājumā redzam, ka ne tikai Ap.d. gr. rāda, ka Romas varas pārstāvji nesaskatīja kristietībā neko sliktu (pārsvarā jūdi bija tie, kas izraisīja kristiešu vajāšanas), bet arī Lk. ev. tas jau pamanāms. Piem., Lk. 23:47 romiešu centurions saka: "Un virsnieks, redzēdams, kas notika, Dievu teica un sacīja: "Patiesi, šis bijis taisns cilvēks."" (Mt. 27:54 un Mr. 15:39 virsnieks jeb centurions atzīst Jēzu par Dieva Dēlu.)

Ir vēl citas interesantas iezīmes Lk. ev., piem., pievēršanās atstumtajiem, glābšanas tēma.

Mārtiņš Balodis

  • Luke’s Account of Things Fulfilled

  • 1 Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us,
  • 2 just as those, who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and servants of the word, handed them down to us,
  • 3 it seemed fitting for me as well, having investigated everything carefully from the beginning, to write it out for you in orderly sequence, most excellent Theophilus,
  • 4 so that you may know the certainty about the things you have been taught.

  • John the Baptist’s Birth Foretold

  • 5 In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a priest named Zechariah, of the division of Abijah, and he had a wife from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.
  • 6 And they were both righteous in the sight of God, walking blamelessly in all the commandments and righteous requirements of the Lord.
  • 7 But they had no child, because Elizabeth was barren, and they were both advanced in years.
  • 8 Now it happened that while he was performing his priestly service before God in the order of his division,
  • 9 according to the custom of the priestly office, he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and burn incense.
  • 10 And the whole multitude of the people were praying outside at the hour of the incense offering.
  • 11 And an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing to the right of the altar of incense.
  • 12 And Zechariah was troubled when he saw the angel, and fear fell upon him.
  • 13 But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zechariah, for your prayer has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you will call his name John.
  • 14 And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth.
  • 15 For he will be great in the sight of the Lord; and he will not drink any wine or strong drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit while yet in his mother’s womb.
  • 16 And he will turn many of the sons of Israel back to the Lord their God.
  • 17 And he will go before Him in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of the fathers back to the children, and the disobedient to the attitude of the righteous, to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.”
  • 18 And Zechariah said to the angel, “How will I know this? For I am an old man and my wife is advanced in years.”
  • 19 And the angel answered and said to him, “I am Gabriel, who stands before God, and I was sent to speak to you and to bring you this good news.
  • 20 And behold, you shall be silent and unable to speak until the day when these things take place, because you did not believe my words, which will be fulfilled in their proper time.”
  • 21 And the people were waiting for Zechariah, and were wondering at his delay in the sanctuary.
  • 22 But when he came out, he was unable to speak to them, and they realized that he had seen a vision in the sanctuary. And he kept making signs to them, and remained mute.
  • 23 And it happened that when the days of his priestly service were fulfilled, he went back home.
  • 24 After these days Elizabeth his wife conceived, and she kept herself in seclusion for five months, saying,
  • 25 “This is the way the Lord has dealt with me in the days when He looked upon me to take away my disgrace among men.”

  • Jesus’ Birth Foretold

  • 26 Now in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a city in Galilee called Nazareth,
  • 27 to a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin’s name was Mary.
  • 28 And coming in, he said to her, “Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you.”
  • 29 But she was very perplexed at this statement, and was pondering what kind of greeting this was.
  • 30 And the angel said to her, “Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.
  • 31 And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name Him Jesus.
  • 32 He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David,
  • 33 and He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and there will be no end of His kingdom.”
  • 34 But Mary said to the angel, “How will this be, since I am a virgin?”
  • 35 The angel answered and said to her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; and for that reason the holy Child shall be called the Son of God.
  • 36 And behold, your relative Elizabeth has also conceived a son in her old age; and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren.
  • 37 For nothing will be impossible with God.”
  • 38 And Mary said, “Behold, the slave of the Lord; may it be done to me according to your word.” And the angel departed from her.

  • Mary Visits Elizabeth

  • 39 Now at this time Mary arose and went in a hurry to the hill country, to a city of Judah,
  • 40 and entered the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth.
  • 41 And it happened that when Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit.
  • 42 And she cried out with a loud voice and said, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb!
  • 43 And how has it happened to me, that the mother of my Lord would come to me?
  • 44 For behold, when the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby leaped in my womb for joy.
  • 45 And blessed is she who believed that there would be a fulfillment of what had been spoken to her by the Lord.”

  • Mary Magnifies the Lord

  • 46 And Mary said: “My soul magnifies the Lord,
  • 47 And my spirit has rejoiced in God my Savior.
  • 48 “For He has looked upon the humble state of His slave, For behold, from this time on, all generations will count me blessed.
  • 49 “For the Mighty One has done great things for me, And holy is His name.
  • 50 “And His mercy is upon generation after generation Toward those who fear Him.
  • 51 “He has done a mighty deed with His arm; He has scattered those who were proud in the thoughts of their heart.
  • 52 “He has brought down rulers from their thrones, And has exalted those who were humble.
  • 53 “He has filled the hungry with good things, And sent away the rich empty-handed.
  • 54 “He has given help to Israel His servant, In remembrance of His mercy,
  • 55 As He spoke to our fathers, To Abraham and his seed forever.”
  • 56 And Mary stayed with her about three months, and then returned to her home.

  • John the Baptist Is Born

  • 57 Now the time was fulfilled for Elizabeth to give birth, and she gave birth to a son.
  • 58 And her neighbors and her relatives heard that the Lord had magnified His great mercy toward her, and they were rejoicing with her.
  • 59 And it happened that on the eighth day they came to circumcise the child, and they were going to call him Zechariah, after the name of his father.
  • 60 But his mother answered and said, “No, but he shall be called John.”
  • 61 And they said to her, “There is no one among your relatives who is called by this name.”
  • 62 And they were making signs to his father, as to what he wanted him called.
  • 63 And he asked for a tablet and wrote as follows, “His name is John.” And they all marveled.
  • 64 And at once his mouth was opened and his tongue loosed, and he began to speak, blessing God.
  • 65 And fear came on all those living around them, and all these matters were being talked about in all the hill country of Judea.
  • 66 And all who heard these things put them in their heart, saying, “What then will this child be?” For the hand of the Lord was indeed with him.

  • Zechariah’s Prophecy

  • 67 And his father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit, and prophesied, saying:
  • 68 “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, For He visited and accomplished redemption for His people,
  • 69 And raised up a horn of salvation for us In the house of David His servant—
  • 70 As He spoke by the mouth of His holy prophets from of old—
  • 71 Salvation from our enemies, And from the hand of all who hate us,
  • 72 To show mercy toward our fathers, And to remember His holy covenant,
  • 73 The oath which He swore to Abraham our father,
  • 74 To grant us that we, being rescued from the hand of our enemies, Might serve Him without fear,
  • 75 In holiness and righteousness before Him all our days.
  • 76 “And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High, For you will go on before the Lord to make ready His ways,
  • 77 To give to His people the knowledge of salvation By the forgiveness of their sins,
  • 78 Because of the tender mercy of our God, With which the Sunrise from on high will visit us,
  • 79 To shine upon those who sit in darkness and the shadow of death, To direct our feet into the way of peace.”
  • 80 And the child continued to grow and to become strong in spirit, and he lived in the desolate regions until the day of his public appearance to Israel.